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民族區(qū)域自治制度

中國(guó)是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的多民族國(guó)家，迄今為止，通過(guò)識(shí)別并由中央政府確認(rèn)的民族有56個(gè)。其中，漢族人口最多，其他55個(gè)民族人口較少，習(xí)慣上被稱(chēng)為少數(shù)民族。世界上的多民族國(guó)家在處理民族問(wèn)題方面有不同的制度模式，中國(guó)采用的是民族區(qū)域自治。民族區(qū)域自治是在國(guó)家統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，各少數(shù)民族聚居的地方設(shè)立自治機(jī)關(guān)，行使自治權(quán)，實(shí)行區(qū)域自治。民族區(qū)域自治制度是中國(guó)的一項(xiàng)基本政治制度。

1984年5月1日，中國(guó)頒布了《民族區(qū)域自治法》，把黨和國(guó)家的民族區(qū)域自治政策法律化。2001年2月28日，又根據(jù)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下出現(xiàn)的新情況，對(duì)這一法律進(jìn)行修改，進(jìn)一步確立了民族區(qū)域自治是中國(guó)一項(xiàng)基本政治制度的法律地位。目前，依據(jù)憲法和法律，中國(guó)共建立了155個(gè)民族自治地方，包括5個(gè)自治區(qū)、30個(gè)自治州、120個(gè)自治縣（旗）。此外，還建立了1100多個(gè)民族鄉(xiāng)。根據(jù)憲法和民族區(qū)域自治法的規(guī)定，民族自治地方擁有廣泛的自治權(quán)。

Regional ethnic autonomy

China is a multiethnic country, a nation of 56 ethnic groups that have been recognized andconfirmed by the central government. The Han ethnic group has the largest population, while the other 55 are minority ethnic groups with smaller populations. Compared with various different approaches to ethnic issues in other countries with multiethnic makeup, China's approach focuses on regional ethnic autonomy. Under the leadership of the central government, self-governance is exercised in regions with large ethnic minority populations, where local affairs are administered by local autonomous governing bodies. Regional ethnic autonomy is a basic component of China's political system.

The policies of the CPC and the central government on regional ethnic autonomy were later codified into law and promulgated on May 1, 1984 as the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy. The law was revised on February 28, 2001, in response to new developments associated with China's socialist market economy. The revised law further affirms regional ethnic autonomy as a basic component of China's political system. There are currently 155 ethnic autonomous areas in China designated in accordance with the Constitution and laws, including five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures, and 120 autonomous counties. There are also more than 1,100 ethnic townships. These autonomous regions, prefectures and counties enjoy extensive autonomy, as prescribed in the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy.